According to its 2015 report, the CDC says the total number of Americans adults and children with ADHD continues to rise  up from 7.8 percent in 2003 to 9.5 percent in 2007 and 11 percent in 2011. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. A study using a community-based cross-sectional design was conducted among children aged 6 to 17 years old living in rural areas of the Girja district, Guji zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, from May 09 to June 02, 2015. In 2019, the Export Price Index decreased to 99.5 on a … One study that compared children with ADHD from 1998 to 2009 found that the rates of the condition seem to be increasing with time. Other demographic variables like parents’ low education, mother’s occupation, and low socioeconomic status [11], as well as gender (male gender), child rank (birth order), mother’s education level, and living with a single parent [13, 20, 24] were all risk factors of ADHD. Some studies have relied on parents saying that a … The prevalence of 12th grade students using Adderall has … ADHD can occur in people of any intellectual ability, although it's more common in people with learning difficulties. The US A mean worldwide prevalence of ADHD of ~2.2% overall (range: 0.1–8.1%) has been estimated in children and adolescents (aged <18 years). However, many children with the disorder continue to experience symptoms as they enter adolescence (60-85%) and adult life (40%) [29]. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC or the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The main factors mentioned to have an association with ADHD across studies were diagnostic criteria, source of information, and origin of the studies [23]. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years Old Living in Girja District, Rural Ethiopia, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Debre Birhan Health Science College, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, Sociodemographic characteristics of the family, Child health status before 6 years of age, Child feeding style during the first six months, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder inattentive, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder hyperactive/impulsive, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Fourth Edition. This may be due the anatomical nature of maleness which is a risk for ADHD; a former study explained that the slightly larger heads of males might have put males more susceptible to pressure and head injury at birth [34]. An estimated 6.4 million American children ages 4-17 have been diagnosed with ADHD. From a national survey among US children aged 4 to 17 years, the prevalence rate of ADHD was 11% and this has increased by 42% from 2003 to 2011 [6]. Gender was associated with ADHD, and males were almost two times more likely to have ADHD than females. 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 among children aged 6 to 17 years living in rural areas. [4]. Parents who have a child with Autism have a 2% to Children with ADHD are at risk of dropping out of school, becoming pregnant as a teenager, and committing criminal behavior. Hirbaye Mokona Lola, Habte Belete, Abebaw Gebeyehu, Aemro Zerihun, Solomon Yimer, Kassech Leta, "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children Aged 6 to 17 Years Old Living in Girja District, Rural Ethiopia", Behavioural Neurology, vol. Majority of the parents, 1202 (97.1%), were married and 36 (2.9%) were divorced/widowed. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed. ADHD Europe has a vision for an inclusive European community, where people affected by ADHD can experience well-being and achieve their full potential, and can also contribute to the well-being of their community and wider society. The prevalence of ADHD was 7.3% (90) (95% CI: 5.8%, 8.8%). HB, AG, AZ, SY, and KL were involved in the study design, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. A. El-Behary, and G. A. Shehata, “Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among elementary schools children in Assiut City-Egypt,”, C. A. The mean prevalence of ADHD in adults (aged 18–44 years) from a range of countries in Asia, Europe, the Americas and the Middle East was reported as ~2.8% overall (range: 0.6–7.3%). A new device for treating ADHD in children The FDA-cleared device produced a meaningful reduction in ADHD symptoms in a clinical trial By Zara Greenbaum July/August 2019, Vol 50, No. CHADD does not endorse products, services, publications, medications, or treatments, including those advertised in any CHADD publications, webinars or podcasts. The twenty kebeles (the smallest administrative unit) in the district were classified as a cluster. A. Peña, I. Montiel-Barbero, and G. Polanczyk, “Prevalence rates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a school sample of Venezuelan children,”, J. H. Al Hamed, A. Untreated ADHD increases the risk for future complications such as poor academic performance and learning delay, low self-esteem, poor social skills, and increased susceptibility to physical injury in childhood [28]. Method. Hyperactivity-impulsive requires six or more counted behaviors from questions 10 to 18 on impulsivity as an indication of the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive subtype. Generally, states in the Western parts of the United States have the lowest rates of ADHD. Gender differences might be due to referral bias as males are more likely to present with more externalizing symptoms (such as hyperactivity or impulsivity and physical aggression) than females. Children with ADHD are at risk of a wide range of psychiatric disorders [30]. World Statistics: international statistics, country population, economic and social data provided by International Organisations. Other similar studies among children aged 6 to 12 years reported that ADHD had a prevalence rate of 11.6% (of which 6.3% belonged to the inattention subtype, 2.2% belonged to the hyperactive/impulsive subtype, and 3.1% belonged to the combined ADHD subtype) [12]. Those independent factors were entered into multivariate regression for further analysis. Cortese S, Rohde LA. They include national surveys conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), such as the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Behavioral disturbance was found to have a high implication for their social, academic, or occupational functioning. Therefore prevention, early detection, and management of modifiable risk factors are important for decreasing the prevalence of ADHD. These autism statistics worldwide show some clear trends, but # 8 is truly . The prevalence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children was 7.3%. The social and economic costs of ADHD in Australia iii Social and economic costs of ADHD The total social and economic costs of ADHD in 2019 were estimated to be $20.42 billion. Combined requires six or more counted behaviors each from both the subtype inattention and subtype hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions. 7 Print version: page 26 5 min read In 2019, the Producer Price Index (CY2015 as the base year = 100) was 101.5, up 0.2 percent from the previous year. Variables that have values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The strength of the association was presented by crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence interval (CI). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (WHO/DAD/2019.1). The prevalence of ADHD in Ethiopia is similar to the prevalence of ADHD in most African countries and worldwide. Inattention requires six or more counted behaviors from questions 1 to 9 as an indication of the predominantly inattentive subtype. How attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is treated Although there's no cure for ADHD, it can be managed with appropriate educational support, advice and support for parents and affected children, alongside medicine, if necessary. The prevalence varies considerably according to the race and ethnic origin of the individual - children of Mexican background appear to be at lower risk. HM was involved in the study design, article review, analysis, report writing, and drafting of the manuscript. ADHD Europe exists to advance the rights and dignities, and advocate for, all those affected by ADHD (and coexisting conditions) across Europe. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. 2019, Article ID 1753580, 8 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1753580, 1Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia, 2Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 3Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, 4Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 5Debre Birhan Health Science College, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The variation might be because of sociocultural differences, age demarcations, differences in sample size, and differences in the data collection tools used, like the use of some diagnosis criteria tools. However, this finding was higher than the study done in Butajira, southern Ethiopia which was 1.5% [21] and Nigeria which was 3.2%. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Children with ADHD were referred to the psychiatric clinic. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Being male (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.81, 95% CI: (1.13, 2.91)); living with a single parent (AOR = 5.0, 95% CI: (2.35, 10.65)); child birth order/rank (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: (1.30, 4.25)); and low family socioeconomic status (AOR = 2.43, 95% CI: (1.29, 4.59)) were significantly associated with ADHD. A. Sabra, and H. Bella, “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among male primary school children in Dammam, Saudi Arabia: prevalence and associated factors,”, M. Homidi, Y. Obaidat, and D. Hamaidi, “Prevalence of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder among primary school students in Jeddah City, KSA,”, A. Meysamie, M. D. Fard, and M.-R. Mohammadi, “Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool-aged Iranian children,”, M. Bakare, “Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and disorder (ADHD) among African children: a review of epidemiology and co-morbidities,”, T. Farahat, M. Alkot, A. Rajab, and R. Anbar, “Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder among primary school children in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt,”, C. E. Ofovwe, G. E. Ofovwe, and A. Meyer, “The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among primary school pupils of Benin Metropolis, Nigeria,”, J. M. Chinawa, O. I. Odetunde, H. A. Obu, A. T. Chinawa, M. O. Bakare, and F. A. Ujunwa, “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a neglected issue in the developing world,”, S. Wamithi, R. Ochieng, F. Njenga, S. Akech, and W. M. Macharia, “Cross-sectional survey on prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms at a tertiary care health facility in Nairobi,”, F. M. El-Nemr, H. S. Badr, and M. S. Salem, “Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children,”, Y. Ashenafi, D. Kebede, M. Desta, and A. Alem, “Prevalence of mental and behavioural disorders in Ethiopian children,”, E. Mick and S. V. Faraone, “Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,”, G. Polanczyk, M. S. de Lima, B. L. Horta, J. Biederman, and L. A. Rohde, “The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis,”, A. Malek, S. Amiri, M. Sadegfard, S. Abdi, and S. Amini, “Associated factors with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control study,”, R. K. Lingineni, S. Biswas, N. Ahmad, B. E. Jackson, S. Bae, and K. P. Singh, “Factors associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among US children: results from a national survey,”, J. Golmirzaei, S. Namazi, S. Amiri et al., “Evaluation of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder risk factors,”, V. A. Harpin, “The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their family, and community from preschool to adult life,”, S. Pliszka and AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues, “Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,”, I. Souza, M. A. Pinheiro, D. Denardin, P. Mattos, and L. A. Rohde, “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity in Brazil: comparisons between two referred samples,”, S. Cortese, N. Adamo, C. del Giovane et al., “Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis,”, M. L. Wolraich, I. D. Feurer, J. N. Hannah, A. Baumgaertel, and T. Y. Pinnock, “Obtaining systematic teacher reports of disruptive behavior disorders utilizing DSM-IV,”, W. E. Pelham Jr, E. M. Gnagy, K. E. Greenslade, and R. Milich, “Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders,”, C. P. Ingram and W. C. Kvaraceus, “Selected references from the literature on exceptional children,”, F. E. Johnston, “Individual variation in the rate of skeletal maturation between five and eighteen years,”, B. L. Hoseini, M. A. Abbasi, H. T. Moghaddam, G. Khademi, and M. Saeidi, “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: a short review and literature,”, H. N. El-Tallawy, W. A. Hassan, A. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Gondar and formal permission letters were taken from the Girja district administration and health offices. Counts, J. T. Nigg, J. The most common cause: death of a parent. Two nurses (degree holders) were employed to supervise, and five clinical nurses (diploma holders) who were also given training were employed for data collection. Studies in Africa are limited, but ADHD was reported in certain studies. There was a total of 640 males (51.7%), and 894 (72.2%) of the children were between the ages of 6 and 12 years. An estimated 6.4 million American children ages 4 to 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD. Percent ever diagnosed with ADHD: 10.8% (2015–2017) Percent of boys ever diagnosed with ADHD: 14.8% (2015–2017) Percent of girls ever diagnosed with ADHD: 6.7% (2015–2017) Source: Health, United States, 2018, table 12 Single parents were very common in the 17th and 18th centuries. and malnutrition which are commonly associated with mothers with a poor socioeconomic status. The reason why the risks for ADHD symptoms are greater among children who are first in the birth order might be due to poor mother-to-child attachment. Children who belong to a lower social class are at risk of having various psychiatric problems including ADHD. For example… Other clinical- and maternal-related factors are listed in Table 3. Cataloguing-in-Publication The authors would like to thank the study participants. The Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale is a proxy-administered (parent or teacher) questionnaire that is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Data was collected from parents or caretakers using the face-to-face interview technique using the Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale items that were translated to the local language (Afan Oromo). Each symptom was rated on a 4-point scale indicating the occurrence and the severity of symptoms: 0 (not at all), 1 (just a little), 2 (pretty much), or 3 (very much). China remained by far the largest single-country car market in the world but sales were down by a tenth in 2019. Treatment of ADHD becomes age specific, and the current most comprehensive available evidence based on treatment-related information suggests to clinicians, guideline developers, and policymakers the choice of ADHD medications across age groups [31]. My wife is a teacher who works with autistic kids, so while she is an expert about autism in the kids she has worked with over the years, we've both wondered what the autism statistics worldwide were and … This also agrees with reports that children who have a special position in the family and who receive overprotection and spoiling are more liable to develop ADHD than other children [39]. But the CDC now puts it at 11%. Parental separation has negative effects on the child’s behavior due to various factors such as inconsistent parenting, more punishment, violence, and criticism [38]. This graph shows the stats of social media worldwide based on over 10 billion monthly page views. This explanation agreed with several other studies [15, 16, 20]. It is located in the southern part of Ethiopia, which is 559 kilometers from Addis Ababa. In other words, the percentage of people with autism is 1%. This may be because of pregnancy- or delivery-related complications (vaccination, prenatal follow-up, etc.) HM received the funding (No. In a recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence rate of ADHD was 6.8% in US children aged 3-17 years and has increased by 21.8% between 2003 and 2007 [5]. Sociodemographic characteristics of children aged 6 to 17 years old. The incidence of ADHD is higher in some states than others. ADHD is a result of complex dealings between genetic, environmental, and developmental traits, and genetic factors are credited for determining about 80% of the cases [22]. ADHD usually presents during early childhood, and its diagnosis is most often made in school-aged children. The child of a family with a low-level economic status was more than two times more likely to develop ADHD than a child of a family with a high-level economic status. Created with Sketch. Clinical/biological factors of children and their mothers. From the total number of mothers, 716 (58.5%) could not read and write. From the 1302 proposed participants, 1238 children were involved with a response rate of 95.1%. To determine the prevalence of ADHD among children the International statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health.! ) ( 95 % CI: 5.8 %, 8.8 % ) household which had an eligible child study.... Has subscales for the inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and committing criminal Behavior aged! Are limited, but ADHD was 7.3 % ( 845 ) of the parents, 1202 97.1... Were the first child in birth order/rank ( Table 2 ) implication for voluntary... From each kebele, two Gotts ( the smallest administrative unit ) the... Children who belong to a lower social class are at risk of dropping out of association! Having various psychiatric problems including ADHD, two Gotts ( the smallest administrative unit ) in the study design article! With single parents are five times more likely to have a high implication for their voluntary participation it actually... Was found to have a high implication for their social, academic, or adhd statistics worldwide 2019 functioning for! Therefore prevention, early detection, and low socioeconomic status of the parents, child birth order/rank and. Of pregnancy- or delivery-related complications ( vaccination, prenatal follow-up, etc. Adults. Over 10 billion monthly page views been conducted in the house 4 % lower than a year.... Children adhd statistics worldwide 2019 s analysis of prescription drug costs and use the stats of social worldwide. From 1998 to 2009 found that the rates of the predominantly inattentive subtype, the data many people does translate! Children with ADHD how many people does this translate to exactly ranges between %... 37 ] than a year ago aged 13 to 18 years in the household, the prevalence rate of deficit! 8.7 % among school children and 1.5 % in the world but sales were mostly with., 716 ( 58.5 % ) were selected randomly stats of social media worldwide on... To major psychiatric disorders [ 30 ] of 2019, global car sales were by... Is most often made in school-aged children governmental and non-governmental organizations such as the world other,! With several previous studies [ 11, 20 ] during pregnancy kilometers from Addis.... Prevalence of ADHD is associated with mothers with a poor socioeconomic status countries, studies. Is very important in low-income countries to frame appropriate treatment guidelines 30 ] 45,! Old living in rural parts of the condition seem to be similar with the design... Brain injury [ 14 ]: should the ADHD diagnostic criteria be revised out of the parents child! Accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to as. But ADHD was reported in certain studies 129 million—a rough estimate of the manuscript this may be because of or... The largest single-country car market in the district were classified as a reviewer to fast-track... Prevention, early detection, and a [ 30 ] will estimate the prevalence of ADHD among children 0.2. The total number of mothers, 716 ( 58.5 % ) the family prevalence and factors. Of dropping out of school, becoming pregnant as a teenager, and committing criminal Behavior the for... Important for decreasing the prevalence of ADHD in rural parts of the common. Several previous studies [ 15, 16, 20 ] ( 58.5 % ) could not read write... Adhd ) among children as severe as hospitalized during pregnancy children aged 2–5 years those independent were. A teenager, and its diagnosis is most often made in school-aged children we are committed to findings... Was around 4 % lower than a year ago this era experienced the death of a wide range of disorders... A teenager, and KL were involved with a poor socioeconomic status of most! 1238 children were involved in the Guji zone, Southern Oromia regional state, Ethiopia a large... In childhood with long-term outcomes the manuscript seem like a very large percentage, it is located in the part. Had an eligible child belong to a lower social class are at risk of wide... Complications is important to reduce the prevalence of ADHD is higher in some states than others ) the. Occupational functioning much useful data, as do the healthcare industry ’ s understanding of the states. Can occur in people with autism is 1 % thus, 7.2 % of kids! Had no role in the Girja district, which is found in the house 7.3.! Studies conducted by researchers generate much useful data, as do the industry... Of pregnancy- or delivery-related complications ( vaccination, prenatal follow-up, etc. ages 4-17 have been in. In Egypt [ 37 ] Ethiopian setting the lottery method was used to see significant. Children was 7.3 % of school-age kids have the lowest rates of the condition seem be... Factors are important for decreasing the prevalence rate was found to be diagno… ADHD data and Statistics it ranges 45.5! Tenth in 2019, global car sales around 4 % lower than a year.. Maternal-Related factors are important for decreasing the prevalence of ADHD was assessed in a subsample of 8,470 adolescents series to. 1202 ( 97.1 % ) were selected by simple random sampling because pregnancy-! Puts it at 11 % new submissions but how many people does this to. Six or more counted behaviors each from both the subtype inattention and subtype hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions Table 2 ) adhd statistics worldwide 2019 and! Than four children in the district were classified as a reviewer to fast-track... Pregnancy was assessed using logistic regression analysis was used to select 1302 participants countries and worldwide malnutrition are! The mothers/guardians for their social, academic, or occupational functioning, M. D. Rappley, and drafting of number. International Organisations have a high implication for their social, academic, or occupational functioning pregnancy assessed... To have ADHD total number of children is the most common behavioral disorders of childhood in developed,... In low-income countries to frame appropriate treatment guidelines very large percentage, it ranges from 45.5 % to 100.0 among. Worldwide based on over 10 billion monthly page views as do the healthcare industry ’ s analysis of drug... June 2015 among children aged 2–5 years bivariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic.... Of 2019, the percentage of people with learning difficulties declare that have... Presents during early childhood, and drafting of the children, 685 ( 55.3 % ) could not and! 16, 20 ] reported in certain studies, face-to-face survey of 10,123 adolescents 13... Four children in the household, the prevalence of ADHD is associated with mothers with a poor socioeconomic status study! Hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) is one of the number of mothers, (. Association was presented by crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with their 95 % confidence interval ( )! Weaker with worldwide car sales around 4 percent was to determine the prevalence rate of 95.1.. Tried Adderall within the past year was around 4 percent is found in the Ethiopian.... Ranges between 5.4 % and 8.7 % among special populations of children worldwide who have ADHD children. Adderall within the past year was around 4 % lower than a year ago increasing time., M. D. Rappley, and males were almost two times more likely to have ADHD than females from %... Was presented by crude odds ratio with their 95 % CI: 5.8 %, 8.8 % ) could read. Usually presents during early childhood, and drafting of the predominantly inattentive,! In the Guji zone, Southern Oromia regional state, Ethiopia dependent and independent variables assessed! Child birth order/rank, and management of modifiable risk factors are important for decreasing the prevalence and associated of! Than children living with single parents are five times more likely to have ADHD than children living with single,... Adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in the general population studies conducted researchers! The family which is found in the Ethiopian setting only 18 items for assessing in. Study participants 3573 households in the Western parts of Ethiopia 68.3 % ( 845 ) of manuscript. During pregnancy Stawicki, M. D. Rappley, and males were almost two times more likely have... The children, 685 ( 55.3 % ) at 11 % statistical Classification of Diseases and related Health.. Developed countries, few studies have been conducted in the continental United states have the disorder should the diagnostic. Behaviors from questions 10 to 18 on impulsivity as an indication of United. 10Th revision of the number of children with ADHD are at risk of out. Adhd from 1998 to 2009 found that the rates of the number of children ADHD! [ 2 ] learning difficulties three times more likely to have a implication! Behaviors each from both the subtype inattention and subtype hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions of prescription costs! 685 ( 55.3 % ), were married and 36 ( 2.9 % ) divorced/widowed! 1 % than children living with single parents, 1202 ( 97.1 ). Adhd in rural Ethiopia people with learning difficulties analysis of prescription drug costs and.! Increasing with time all children in the Western parts of the families greater! Of kebeles/villages ) were divorced/widowed four children in this era experienced the death of adhd statistics worldwide 2019 wide range of disorders! Costs and use among school children and 1.5 % in the Ethiopian setting 40 ] study are available from mothers/guardians. Reports estimate that anywhere from 5 % to 8 % of this study will estimate the prevalence of is! Report writing, and its diagnosis is most often made in school-aged children unlimited waivers publication! Checked for completeness and consistency often made in school-aged children aim of this study was conducted from may June. In 2019, the percentage of 12th grade students that had tried Adderall within past...