These three [70] Greek philosophy was probably influenced by the philosophy and mythological cosmogonies of the ancient Near East, as well as Indian Vedanta philosophy,[71][72][73] but philosophy, as we understand it, is a Greek creation. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism. Some of the writers who are generally considered the most important in Western literature are Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, François Rabelais, Michel de Montaigne, Miguel de Cervantes, Luís Vaz de Camões, Lope de Vega, William Shakespeare, John Milton, Molière, Jean Racine, Voltaire, Carlo Goldoni, Samuel Johnson, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Alexander Pushkin, Victor Hugo, Nikolai Gogol, Charles Dickens, Ivan Turgenev, Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, George Eliot, Charles Baudelaire, Gustave Flaubert, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Eça de Queiroz, Henrik Ibsen, Machado de Assis, Emily Dickinson, Arthur Rimbaud, Sigmund Freud, Anton Chekhov, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Federico García Lorca, Franz Kafka, T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Mikhail Bulgakov, Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, Vladimir Nabokov, Fernando Pessoa, Albert Camus, John Steinbeck, Gabriel García Márquez and Samuel Beckett. 32. In general students in such programs receive an abnormally high degree of attention from their professors, as part of the overall aim of fostering a community of learning. ", and "What Is a Classic?" 1200 BC-500 AD) • monophonic, mode-based music • basic music theory Early Christian (ca. Searle's rebuttal suggests that "one obvious difficulty with it [i.e., arguments against hierarchical ranking of books] is that if it were valid, it would argue against any set of required readings whatever; indeed, any list you care to make about anything automatically creates two categories, those that are on the list and those that are not. The old rubber band has stretched just about as far as it can go. [93] Debussy was immensely interested in non-Western music and its approaches to composition. [110] This anthology has made its selection based on three principles. Plato, Aristotle and, indirectly, Socrates are the primary figures. The essential component of such programs is a high degree of engagement with primary texts, called the Great Books. Essays on the Western Musical Canon By Martin Boykan Pendragon Press, 2011 The Power of the Moment is a collection of critical essays on some of the most familiar works from the musical canon. Several of these works are lists themselves; such as early dictionaries, lists of songs, recipes, biographies, or encyclopedic compilations of information such as mathematical, scientific, medical, or plant reference books. 200-500) • adaptation of … Women and the Western Art Canon: Where Are We Now? Much of the early period of feminist literary scholarship was given over to the rediscovery and reclamation of texts written by women. [16] In particular, postmodern studies have argued that the body of scholarship is biased, because the main focus traditionally of the academic studies of history and Western culture has only been on Europe and men. Much of this was religious art, mostly Roman Catholic art. Canon, musical form and compositional technique, based on the principle of strict imitation, in which an initial melody is imitated at a specified time interval by one or more parts, either at the unison (i.e., the same pitch) or at some other pitch. Musique . Roane lafond. Links. Virago Press began to publish its large list of 19th and early 20th-century novels in 1975 and became one of the first commercial presses to join in the project of reclamation. In her 1971 essay, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as "The First Teacher" (Arabic: المعلم الأول‎). In particular, direct homages to Javanese gamelan music are found in works for western instruments by Claude Debussy, Béla Bartók, Francis Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez, Benjamin Britten, John Cage, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass. On his death in April 2014, Juan Manuel Santos, the President of Colombia, described him as "the greatest Colombian who ever lived. Western music - Western music - The tonal era and after: 1600 to the present: The beginning of the 17th century was one of the most dramatic turning points in the history of music, even more so than the beginning of the Ars Nova and almost as revolutionary as the beginning of the 20th century. The discussion of the literary canon above, especially with regard to "Great Book" and the "debate" over the canon, is also relevant. St. John's College Great Books reading list, Las mil mejores poesías de la lengua castellana, Les millors obres de la literatura catalana, "Book Review: 'The Western Canon: The Books and the School of the Ages'; Books", Great Books Curriculum, Santa Barbara City College, "Books of The Times; Putting In a Word for Homer, Herodotus, Plato, Etc. Eliot's view was the same as that of Scottish philosopher and historian Thomas Carlyle: "The true University of these days is a Collection of Books". But some examples of newer media such as cinema have attained a precarious position in the canon. Bloom further comments: "But one thing is certain: wherever the Great Books make up a central part of the curriculum, the students are excited and satisfied. Registration is absolutely free so … ", "What is a Literary Canon? ", Linda Nochlin analyzes what she sees as the embedded privilege in the predominantly male Western art world and argues that women's outsider status allowed them a unique viewpoint to not only critique women's position in art, but to additionally examine the discipline's underlying assumptions about gender and ability. Winters claimed that the Native or Plain Style anti-Petrarchan movement had been undervalued and argued that George Gascoigne (1525–1577) "deserves to be ranked […] among the six or seven greatest lyric poets of the century, and perhaps higher". Western 1 find this movie on Buy or Rent on iTunes Find on Netflix 40 The Electric Horseman 1979, 122 min. It also includes texts that may not be representative of the qualitatively best efforts of Renaissance literature, but of the quantitatively most numerous texts, such as homilies and erotica. A round is a type of canon, but in a round each voice, when it finishes, can start at the beginning again so that the piece can go “round and round”. Derniers commentaires. In the ancient world, at the Alexandrian Library, scholars coined the Greek term Hoi enkrithentes ("the admitted", "the included") to identify the writers in the canon. Les instruments de musique : exercices. But are you saying. Cite this Page: Citation. Canon (one “n”) refers to a collection of rules or texts that are considered to be authoritative. Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart helped draw attention to African literature. 500-1000) • Gregorian chant • crude notation (approximate indication of pitch) later medieval/Renaissance (ca. Tri -- Le moins cher Le plus cher De A à Z De Z à A En Stock Référence : croissante Référence : décroissante Ajouter au panier [25][26] Yale University Professor of Humanities and famous literary critic Harold Bloom (no relation) has also argued strongly in favor of the canon, in his 1994 book The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages, and in general the canon remains as a represented idea in many institutions,[2] though its implications continue to be debated. Records of this music exist that date back well over 1,000 years. He is also the recipient of numerous other literary awards. "[2] One of the notable attempts at compiling an authoritative canon for literature in the English-speaking world was the Great Books of the Western World program. The list was compiled through votes from members of the Svenska Akademien, Swedish Crime Writers' Academy, librarians, authors, and others. Major Western writers and philosophers have been influenced by Eastern philosophy. Whereas men experience presence in our art institutions, women experience primarily absence, except in images that do not necessarily reflect women's own sense of themselves."[104]. The Power of the Moment: Essays on the Western Musical Canon. The Canon of any individual composer's work are those … Only a relatively small number of works of Greek philosophy have survived, essentially those thought most worth copying in the Middle Ages. Major twentieth century figures include Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), Bertrand Russell (1872-1970), Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). This view of African-American literature as a tool in the struggle for black political and cultural liberation has been stated for decades, most famously by W. E. B. Download citation. Summary of Western Music; Greek and Roman (ca. The texts once served an unmasking function; now we are told that it is the texts which must be unmasked. "[68], Many philosophers today agree that Greek philosophy has influenced much of Western culture since its inception. 211 complishments remain window dressing or token contributions, the re-sult of special pleading. Towards the beginning of the first movement of Beethoven’sHammerklavierSonata there is a powerful and disturbing event that continues to haunt the rest of the piece. As John Searle, Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, has written: There is a certain irony in this [i.e., politicized objections to the canon] in that earlier student generations, my own for example, found the critical tradition that runs from Socrates through the Federalist Papers, through the writings of Mill and Marx, down to the twentieth century, to be liberating from the stuffy conventions of traditional American politics and pieties. The Best German Novels of the Twentieth Century is a list of books compiled in 1999 by Literaturhaus München and Bertelsmann, in which 99 prominent German authors, literary critics, and scholars of German ranked the most significant German-language novels of the twentieth century. [61] Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading writers of his generation. This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 20:43. [2] The word canon is derived from ancient Greek κανών, kanṓn, meaning a measuring rod, or standard. Deeply troubling events of the past year have brought into focus numerous patterns of inequity that have existed across our society for generations. [32], In the twentieth century T. S. Eliot and Yvor Winters were two literary critics who were especially concerned with revising the canon of renaissance English literature. The Classical musical tradition then became synonymous with the preservation, study, and reproduction of a body of fixed works conceived as the metaphysically-charged legacy of genius. Born: January 16, 1943. [30] Spenser, Donne, and Jonson were major influences on 17th-century poetry. Chinese philosophy originates during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",[84] philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 B.C. Precisely by inculcating a critical attitude, the "canon" served to demythologize the conventional pieties of the American bourgeoisie and provided the student with a perspective from which to critically analyze American culture and institutions. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century and one of the best in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. How long did it take Mahler, for instance, to become essential as opposed to Messiaen? 200-500) • adaptation of Roman melodies to chant: Dark Ages (ca. Eight women philosophers: theory, politics, and feminism. That's pretty much my question: do you envision circumstances ever working out such that the majority of classical music aficionados come to agree that. An initiative of Brian Mikkelsen in 2004, it was developed by a series of committees under the auspices of the Danish Ministry of Culture in 2006–2007 as "a collection and presentation of the greatest, most important works of Denmark's cultural heritage." Since the early twentieth century non-Western music has begun to influence Western composers. The list numbered more than 300 items by the 1950s, by authors from Aristotle to Albert Camus, and has continued to grow. Il retrace un pan de l’histoire avec la conquête de l’Ouest, la ruée vers l’or et l’épopée du chemin de fer. By joining our community you will have access to post topics, upload content and access many other features. His Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects covers only artists working in Italy,[99] with a strong pro-Florentine prejudice, and has cast a long shadow over succeeding centuries. In the 18th century Metaphysical poetry fell into further disrepute,[31] while the interest in Elizabethan poetry was rekindled through the scholarship of Thomas Warton and others. The Western Musical Canon; Welcome to Talk Classical - A community covering every aspect of classical music! The terms "classic book" and Western canon are closely related concepts, but are not necessarily synonymous. Since the 20th century there has been an effort to re-define the discipline to be more inclusive of art made by women; vernacular creativity, especially in printed media; and an expansion to include works in the Western tradition produced outside Europe. There were female philosophers since ancient times, notably Hipparchia of Maroneia (active c. 325 BC) and Arete of Cyrene (active 5th–4th century BC), and some were accepted as philosophers during the ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary eras, but almost no female philosophers have entered the philosophical Western canon. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. Over 100 institutions of higher learning, mostly in the United States, offer some version of a Great Books Program as an option for students. [91], In classical music, during the nineteenth century a "canon" developed which focused on what was felt to be the most important works written since 1600, with a great concentration on the later part of this period, termed the Classical period, which is generally taken to begin around 1750. In the 2000s, the standard concert repertoire of professional orchestras, chamber music groups, and choirs tends to focus on works by a relatively small number of mainly 18th- and 19th-century male composers. Such classification began with the Greeks' ranking their cultural works, with the word canon (ancient Greek κανών, kanṓn: "measuring rod, standard"). Although the term is often associated with the Western canon, it can be applied to works of literature, music and art, etc. [87], Major philosophers of the eighteenth century include George Berkeley (1685–1753), Montesquieu (1689-1755), Voltaire (1694–1778), David Hume (1711–1776), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), Denis Diderot (1713-1784), Adam Smith (1723–1790), Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Edmund Burke (1729–1797) and Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832).[87]. Since Gender and the Musical Canon, the how and why have become very Ancient Greek philosophy has consistently held a prominent place in the canon. The Legacy of Genius: Improvisation, Romantic Imagination, and the Western Musical Canon. Western music is the latter half of what during the 1930s and '40s came to be called ‘country and western music.’ Cowboy songs, though, are as old as the cowboy tradition–or older, as some date back centuries. [3], The canon of books has been fairly stable, although it has very recently expanded to include more women and racial minorities, while the canons of music and the visual arts have greatly expanded to cover the Middle Ages, and subsequent centuries once largely overlooked. View Western Musical Canon Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. [6][7][note 1], In addition the following are some of the important works from other cultures that have influenced the West: Gilgamesh (c. 2100 BC), Mahabharata (c. 800 BC), The Bible (c. 5th century BC - 1st century AD), One Thousand and One Nights (c. 7th century AD), The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973 or 978 – c. 1014 or 1031), and Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin (1715 or 1724 – 1763 or 1764). Perhaps the most well-known canon is the Pachelbel Canon written by Johann Pachelbel. University of Illinois Press, 2005. Ironically, the same tradition is now regarded as oppressive. The decorative arts have traditionally had a much lower critical status than fine art, although often highly valued by collectors, and still tend to be given little prominence in undergraduate studies or popular coverage on television and in print. ISBN: 9781576472989; Authors: Boykan Martin. Moreover, analytic approaches are dominant in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Germany, and parts of east-central Europe today. A second principle is "non-canonical", giving female writers such as Anne Askew, Elizabeth Cary, Emilia Lanier, Martha Moulsworth, and Lady Mary Wroth a representative selection. [58], García Márquez started as a journalist, and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). American philosopher Jay Stevenson argues: Classicist Bernard Knox made direct reference to this topic when he delivered his 1992 Jefferson Lecture (the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities). "[24] His book was widely cited by some intellectuals for its argument that the classics contained universal truths and timeless values which were being ignored by cultural relativists. There are a number of different canons, though: the academic canon, the popular (let's say the CD recording) canon, and of course separate canons and canonical composers for different genres (Messiaen is already becoming part of the organ repertoire, but on the fringe of the orchestral repertoire, and nowhere near the operatic repertoire, for example).